____.)
a) Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
b) In terms of fungal cellular structure, the cell wall is composed of _________________.
c) Give an example of a unicellular fungus.
d) Describe the structure of multicellular fungi.
e) In terms of nutrition, fungi are considered _________________ . What does this mean?
f) Specifically, how do fungi obtain their nutrients?

____.) What are two general categories of fungi? What is the difference between the two?

____.) Fungi do not have a _________________ . In this regard, fungi are more closely related to _________________ than to _________________ .

____.)
a) What kingdom do algae belong to?
b) What specific group of green algae are most likely the ancestors to plants?
c) What are 11 traits that seem to corroborate part b?
d) What are two major distinctions between plants and the group described in part b?

____.) Complete the following chart by placing an X where the following characteristics apply to the groups of organisms listed:

	Multicellular Embryo	Vascular Tissues	Seeds	Flowers
Green Algae Ancestors	.	.	.	.
Mosses	.	.	.	.
Ferns	.	.	.	.
Gymnosperms	.	.	.	.
Angiosperms	.	.	.	.

____.) List 9 adaptions plants developed for life on land.

____.) In plants, when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis, it produces two diploid cells .
a) When a haploid cell undergoes mitosis, it produces ____________________________.
b) When a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, it produces ____________________________.
c) Formation of gametes results from mitosis or meiosis?
d) Sexual reproduction in plants requires mitosis or meiosis?
e) In the sporic life cycle, the gametophyte is __________________ and produces _________________ which are haploid by the process of _________________ .
f) In the sporic life cycle, the sporophyte is __________________ and produces _________________ which are haploid by the process of _________________ .

____.) List 8 general characteristics of mosses.

____.)
a) Draw a diagram of a fern. Label the following in your diagram: frond, roots, blade, rhizome, pinna, stipe.
b) What is a sorus and what are its components? Draw a diagram to illustrate.

____.) In the sporic life cycle of a fern, a sporophyte which is _________________ undergoes _________________ to produce 4 haploid _________________ which eventually are taken by the wind and land on trees and soil. They germinate, grow, and undergo _________________ to produce a gametophyte which is _________________. A female gametophyte has gametangia called _________________ whereas a male gametophyte has gametangia called _________________. The gametangia of the gametophytes produce _________________ which are _________________ via the process of _________________ . These unite to form a zygote which is _________________. The zygote grows and matures by means of _________________ to become a mature sporophyte and cycle begins again!

____.) List 8 general characteristics of ferns.

____.) Compare and contrast mosses and ferns.

____.) Match each structure to the correct function:
_____ roots
_____ seeds
_____ secondary growth of stems
_____ cuticle
_____ pollen grain

a. dispersal of offspring
b. reduce water loss
c. protection of male gametophyte
d. increase in diameter
e. absorb water and minerals

____.) List at least three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

____.) What is thought to be the ancestor of modern protists, plants, fungi and animals?

____.) The increase in complexity and organization of prokaryotes followed three separate trends. What are these three trends?

____.) Define endosymbiont.

____.) Discuss the endosymbiotic theory. Give some evidence to support this theory.

____.) Fill in the following summary table of protist characteristics

____.) What are three major categories of Protists?

____.) Which of the following phyla are animal-like protists (Protozoa = P), plant-like protists (Algae = A), or fungus-like protist (F). Make sure you memorize all of these phyla and their major characteristics. Making note cards is a good tool to begin this memorization process.

____.) You discovered a new unicellular organism while diving off of the coast of Australia. You accidentally found this organism while collecting algae for your algology course. You discovered this organism has a calcareous shell, but could move through cytoplasmic strands extending through the pores in the shell. What phylum might you expect this organism to belong? What test today would you think you should perform to determine this organism’s closest relative?

____.) Define the following terms:
a) Autotrophic =
b) Phototrophic =
c) Chemotrophic =
d) Heterotrophic =
e) Sporophyte =
f) Gametophyte =
g) isogamy =
h) oogamy =
i) syngamy =
j) heteromorphic =
k) isomorphic =

____.) Compare the following aspects of the life cycles of plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, and water molds.

____.) Discuss the differences between the 5 and 8 Kingdom System. Which Kingdoms are included in each system?

____.) What does alternation of generation mean?

____.) Discuss the life cycle of a cellular slime mold (Dictyostelium).

____.) Discuss the life cycle of Laminaria. What phylum is this organism in?

____.) What is the colonial protist that many zoologists believe is related to the ancestor of animals?

____.) Matching

____.) Chloroplasts are descendents of
a. green plants
b. photosynthetic prokaryotes that became endosymbionts within larger cells
c. aerobic heterotrophic bacteria that entered larger cells as prey or parasites
d. facultative anaerobe which entered a larger cell as a parasite

____.) Mitochondria developed from
a. green plants
b. photosynthetic prokaryotes that became endosymbionts within larger cells
c. aerobic heterotrophic bacteria that entered larger cells as prey or parasites
d. facultative anaerobe which entered a larger cell as a parasite

____.) The endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells was thought to evolve by
a. up regulation of membrane proteins
b. an increase in the intake of lipids which are then incorporated into the membrane of prokaryotic cells.
c. an increase in the intake of lipids which are then incorporated into the membrane of a eukaryotic cell
d. invagination of the plasma membrane

____.) Evidence from rRNA sequencing suggest that this group of eukaryotic organisms are most closely related to prokaryotes
a. Archaebacteria
b. Archezoa
c. Chromista
d. Plantae

____.) Which of the following is one of the several symbiotic flagellates which inhabit the gut of the termite?
a. Trichonyinpha
b. Trypanosoma
c. Plasmodium
d. Dictyostelium

____.) Which of the following is not correctly paired?
a. Actinopoda—Heliozoans, Radiozoans
b. Ciliata — Paramecium, Stentor
c. Zoomastigophora—Trichonympha, Trypanosoma
d. Apicomplexa—Plasmodium, Anopholes

____.) The organism which is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness is in which of the following phyla?
a. Apicomplexa
b. Ciliophora
c. Zoomastigophora

____.) The Chlorophyta are believed to be the ancestors of plants because
a. They are the only multicellular algal protists.
b. They do not have flagellated gametes.
c. They are oogamous and heteromorphic
d. They are similar in chloroplasts and pigment composition
e. The exhibit alternation of generations.

____.) Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships include
a. dinoflagellates producing red tides
b. termites and zooflagellates
c. sporozoans in their multiple hosts
d. amoeboid cellular slime molds that congregate to form a fruiting body
e. isomorphic sporophyte and gametophyte generations.

____.) A student collected a flask of pond water and placed it near a window. A brownish-green scum collected on the side of the flask facing the light. When the flask was turned around, the scum moved to the side facing the window. Which of the following phyla are most likely represented in this pond scum?
a. Zoomastigophora and Ciliophora b. Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta c. Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta d. Euglenophvta and Acrasiomycota e. Phacophyta and Bacillariaophyta

____.) True of False. If the statement is false then correct the statement so that it is a true statement.
a. Nearly all protists are anaerobic using mainly glycolysis to obtain their energy.
b. All protist can reproduce asexually.
c. All protist are unicellular and simple in structure and function.

____.) Different genes are expressed at different stages of the life cycle of the malaria-causing apicomplexan Plasmodium, which causes different proteins to appear on the outer coat of the infecting cells. Sporozoites are injected by mosquitoes and travel in the blood to liver cells, where they continue their life cycle. Researchers discovered that the sporozoites produce protein coats that are sloughed off and continuously replaced. How do the continual sloughing and replacing of the protein coat work as an adaptive mechanism to prevent immune destruction of the sporozoite before it gets inside the liver cell, where it is protected from blood-borne antibodies?

____.) Give some key evidence that led scientist to believe that green algae (Chlorophyta) gave rise to modern terrestrial plants.

____.) What is the major problem for terrestrial plants? Give several adaptations of these terrestrial plants that overcame this problem.

____.) Draw a generalized scheme of alternation of generation.

____.) How did alternation of generations evolve in the ancestors of plants?

____.) Discuss the four major periods of plant evolution. What was the main advantage of the adaptations found in each of these four periods?

____.) The evolution of plants shows a trend of increasing adaptation to a terrestrial habitat. List the characteristics that were novel adaptations for the following major plant groups.

____.) What is an epiphyte?

____.) In vascular plants, the sporophyte/gametophyte is the dominant generation. This contrasts to the bryophytes in which the sporophyte/gametophyte is the dominant generation.

____.) What are the two conducting tissues of the vascular system?

____.) Use the table below to compare the reproduction of some major plant groups.

____.) Define cross-pollination. What is an advantage of cross-pollination?

____.) Double fertilization is a characteristic of angiosperms. What is the function of double fertilization?

____.) You observe an Anthophyta that in bloom has a yellow flower. This flower looks like a female wasp and is only visited by the male wasp of the same species, which is responsible for the pollination of this yellow flower. This is an example of what type of evolution? What would be an advantage of an angiosperm having one specific pollinator?

____.) Matching

____.) The following are seedless vascular plants
a. Bryophytes and Pterophytes
b. Sphenophytes and Bryophytes
c. Coniferophytes and Pterophvyes
d. Anthophytes and Coniferophytes
e. Sphenophytes and Pterophytes

____.) All of the following have a dominant sporophyte generation EXCEPT:
a. Chlorophyta
b. Bryophyta
c. Pterophyta
d. Coniferophyta and Anthophyta
e. Both a and b

____.) Which division is NOT a gymnosperm?
a. Anthophyta
b. Cycadophyta
c. Gnetophyta
d. Coniferophyta

____.) Which of the following in NOT an evolutionary trend in flower structure?
a. Number of floral parts have become decreased
b. Floral parts have become fused
c. Symmetry has changed from bilateral to radial
d. The ovary has dropped to a position below the petals and sepals

____.) During the Carboniferous period, the dominant plants. which later formed the great coal beds, were mainly
a. The giant lycopods. horsetails, and ferns
b. The conifers
c. The angiosperms
d. The charophytes
e. The bryophytes that dominated early swamps

____.) The male gametophyte of an angiosperm is the
a. anther
b. embryo sac
c. microspore
d. germinated pollen grain
e. ovule

____.) Important terrestrial adaptations that evolved exclusively in seed plants include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Pollination by wind or animal instead of fertilization by swimming sperm
b. Transport of water through vascular tissue
c. Retention of the gametophyte plant within the sporophyte
d. Dispersal of new plants by seeds
e. Protection and nourishment of the embryo within the seed

____.) A land plant produces flagellated sperm and the dominant generation is diploid. The plant is most likely
a. A fern
b. A moss
c. A conifer
d. A charophyte
e. A dicot

____.) Which of the following incorrectly pairs a sporophyte embryo with its food source?
a. Pine embryo — endosperm in nucellus
b. Corn embryo — 3n endosperm tissue in seed
c. Moss embryo — archegonium and gametophyte plant
d. Fern embryo—female gametophyte surrounding archegonium
e. Lycopod embryo — subterranean gametophyte

____.) If you could take a time machine back to the Carboniferous period, which of the following scenarios would you most likely confront?
a. Creeping mats of low-growing bryophytes
b. Fields of tall gasses swaying in the wind
c. Swamps dominated by large lycopods, horsetails, and ferns
d. Huge forests of naked-seed trees filling the air with pollen
e. The dominance of flowering plants

____.) True or False. If the statement is false correct that statement so that it is a true statement
a. There are no gymnosperms that exhibit a change in leaf color.
b. All sporophyte generations are diploid?
c. Bryophytes are terrestrial nonvascular plants.
d. A fruit consists of an embryo, nutritive material, and a protective coat.
e. Tracheids are wide, specialized cells arranged end to end for water transport and are found in angiosperms.

____.) Why do you think there is a trend toward sporophyte dominance in vascular plants?

____.) Why are tropical rain forests being destroyed at such an alarming rate? What kinds of social, technological, and economic factors are responsible? Most forests in the northern developed countries have already been cut. Do the developed nations have a right to ask the southern developing nations to slow or top the destruction of their forests? Defend your answer. What kinds of benefits, incentives, programs might slow the assault of the rain forest?

____.) Plants have coexisted with parasitic organisms such as certain bacteria and fungi for millions of years. Defensive adaptations include many plant chemicals that inhibit the growth of these pathogens. How might these chemicals be useful to humans?