2. Skin is susceptible to cancers induced by UV radiation in large part because
a. the cells are tightly joined together
b. the cells are dead
c. it contains a zone in which cells are actively dividing
d. it is a waterproof barrier
e. it contains collagen

3. The internal environment of the human body is very "picky" as is characteristic of terrestrial animals. In other words, the body must maintain certain conditions in order to function properly. For example, what is normal body temperature and pH?

4.
a) What type of heat transfer mechanisms is associated with each of the following:
i.) heat from the sun -
ii.) snuggling up to someone for body heat -
iii.) cooling the body by sitting in a pool of cold water -
iv.) the "wind-chill factor" -
v.) humidity -
vi.) sweating -
b) Which type is the predominant mechanism for humans?

5.
a) What are four mechanisms of animal thermoregulation?
b) When you are hot (use your imagination!), how does the following parts of the body respond?
i.) hypothalamus -
ii.) blood vessels -
iii.) skin -

6.
a) Define BMR -
b) Compare the BMR for males and females in general. Which is higher and why?
c) Many fad weight loss programs propose that weight loss can be achieved through changes in diet alone. Such programs only produce results in the short term. More effective programs involve, not only changes in diet, but behavioral components such as an exercise regimen. So why are changes in diet alone not enough to affect one's weight in the long term?
d) In an experiment concerning body weight, a chemical was administered to mice which continually stimulated the lateral hypothalamus of their brains. How would this chemical ultimately affect the body weight of these mice? WHY? BE SPECIFIC!!!

7.
a) What is the relationship between the time it takes for a substance to diffuse/move a certain distance and the distance traveled?
b) If it takes 10 seconds for a molecule of glucose to travel 100 microns, how long will it take for that glucose to travel 10 microns?

8. Compare and contrast an open circulatory system with a closed circulatory system.

9. Draw a picture of the human heart and label the following structures:
A. Aorta
B. SVC (Superior Vena Cava)
C. IVC (Inferior Vena Cava)
D. Pulmonary Arteries
E. Pulmonary Veins
F. Right and Left Atria
G. Right and Left Ventricles
H. SA Node (Sinoatrial Node)
I. AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)
J. Atrioventricular Valves
K. Semilunar Valves

10. Compare and contrast the heart structure for the following (include main advantages and disadvantages):
a. fish -
b. amphibians -
c. mammals -

11. Trace the flow of blood starting and ending with the right atrium. Be sure to include all appropriate valves of the heart.

12. Fill in the chart below concerning the cardiac cycle:

Stage	Atria (contracted or relaxed)	Ventricles (contracted or relaxed)	Blood flows from	Blood flows to	Semilunar Valves (open or closed)	AV Valves (open or closed)	Duration
i.) Atrial & Ventricular Diastole	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
ii.) Atrial Systole & Ventricular Diastole	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
iii.) Atrial Diastole & Ventricular Systole	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

13.
a) Trace the electrical impulse conduction pathway in the heart.
b) Explain what you think may happen if the nerve impulses between the SA node and AV node were "firing" independently of each other?

14. A red blood cell is in an artery in the left arm of a human. How many capillary beds must this cell pass through before it is returned to the left ventricle of the heart?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five

15. On the following graph, which line correctly illustrates the relationship between heart rate and size of an animal.

16. For the following blood vessels, indicate whether it contains mostly oxygenated or deoxygenated blood:
a) aorta -
b) renal artery -
c) inferior vena cava -
d) carotid artery -
e) pulmonary vein -
f) superior vena cava -
g) pulmonary artery -
h) cephalic vein -

17.
a) Fill in the blanks in the following flow chart illustrating systemic blood flow.

b) Name the type of vessel associated with the following descriptions:
i.) small in diameter, have very thin walls, involved in exchange of substances -
ii.) has thin walls, low pressure, consists of valves -
iii.) these vessels have thick muscular walls, high pressure, involved in transport -
iv.) contain sphincters that can regulate distribution of blood -
v.) all blood pumped through the heart that is to be directed to the rest of the body must pass through this vessel first -
vi.) these vessels carry blood away from the heart -
vii.) contains oxygenated blood -

18.
a) As blood travels from the arteries to the capillaries, why does blood pressure decrease?
b) As blood travels from the arteries to the capillaries, why does the blood flow velocity decrease? Give two factors.
c) What is the relationship between the cross-sectional area of blood vessels and the blood flow velocity?
d) As blood travels from the capillaries to the veins, why does blood flow velocity increase even though there is no change in blood pressure?

REVIEW OF DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

19.
a) In simple diffusion, a substance will travel from an area of ____________________________ to an area of ____________________________ .
b) A gas will diffuse from an area of ____________________________ to an area of ____________________________ .
c) In the absence of a semipermeable membrane, water will diffuse from an area of _____________ water concentration to an area of _____________ water concentration .
d) In the absence of a semipermeable membrane, solutes will diffuse from an area of _____________ solute concentration to an area of _____________ solute concentration.
e) In the presence of a semipermeable membrane, water will diffuse from an from an area of _____________ water concentration to an area of _____________ water concentration .
f) In the presence of a semipermeable membrane, water will diffuse from an from an area of _____________ solute concentration to an area of _____________ solute concentration .
g) (THINK CAREFULLY!) In the presence of a semipermeable membrane, solutes will diffuse from an from an area of _____________ solute concentration to an area of _____________ solute concentration .
h) Which one(s) of the above questions (a - g) actually describes osmosis?

20.
a) Define the following in terms of water and solute concentration:
i.) hypotonic solution - has ____________ concentrations of water and ____________ concentrations of solute
ii.) hypertonic solution - has ____________ concentrations of water and ____________ concentrations of solute
b) In osmosis, water moves from a _____________ solution to a _____________ solution.

21. What are your tentative plans for spring break?